Evaporation, Crystallization & Waste Water Handling

• For acid mine drainage (AMD), metal sulphate and chloride-bearing mine effluents, fly ash leachate.
• Process: chemical pre-treatment → heavy metal removal → filtration → evaporation → crystallisation of recoverable salts.
• Technology: Forced Circulation Evaporator / Crystalliser (FC), Multiple Effect Evaporation (MEE) or Mechanical Vapour Recompression (MVR).
• Output: clean process condensate (reusable on-site), crystallised sulphate salts (marketable), zero liquid discharge.
• Key feature: eliminates liquid purge entirely — full ZLD compliance with South Africa's National Water Act and DWS effluent standards.

• For industrial effluents containing inorganic contaminants (metal sulphates, chlorides) or organic loads from chemical and metallurgical processes.
• Process: pH adjustment → stripping → rising or falling film evaporation → crystallisation of target salts → centrifugation.
• Technology: Falling Film Evaporator (FFE), Rising Film Evaporator, or Forced Circulation — selected per contamination level and scaling risk.
• Output: recovered and marketable salts (e.g. sodium sulphate, calcium chloride), purified condensate, minimum or zero discharge.
• Key feature: handles high contaminant loadings; plant designed to minimise scaling and maximise on-stream time.

• For salt solutions, chemical concentrates, brines, fertilizer liquors.
• Capacity: 500 l/h – 50 m³/h (evaporated water).
• Evaporation type: multi-effect (MEE), mechanical vapour recompression (MVR) or thermal vapour recompression (TVR) — selected to minimise energy cost.
• Material: stainless steel, duplex, titanium — per corrosivity of feed.
• Key feature: MEE and MVR systems cut specific energy consumption significantly vs. single-effect; modular design allows phased expansion.

• For salts, fertilizers, chemicals, pharmaceuticals — including sodium sulphate, ammonium sulphate, potassium chloride, lithium salts.
• Capacity: 100 kg/h – 20 t/h (crystalline product).
• Types: Forced Circulation (FC), Draft Tube-Baffle (DTB), Flash Crystalliser, Reaction Crystalliser — selected per target crystal size and purity.
• Crystal size: 0.1–5 mm (adjustable).
• Key feature: DTB crystalliser produces larger, more uniform crystals; recrystallisation achieves purity >99.9% for pharmaceutical or reagent-grade product.